What was the capital of the United States? It certainly wasn’t Washington, D.C. – the nation’s current capital city wasn’t approved by the US Congress until 16 July 1790 and wasn’t founded until 1791.
So which American city can claim to be the first capital? It is a surprisingly difficult question to answer – different places served as temporary capitals at different stages in the USA’s constitutional evolution from 13 colonies to independent nation state.
The First Continental Congress met in the Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774. This fact gives Philly a strong claim for pre-eminence in the first capital question. It certainly sells this role in history with the historical quarter around Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell and the Constitution Centre. Philadelphia’s position was bolstered by hosting the Second Continental Congress in 1775.
The capital of America under the Articles of Confederation was a travelling political carnival, taking in Philadelphia, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton and New York. After the Constitution was brought in force in 1789, the United States Congress first convened briefly in New York’s Federal Hall before settling in Philadelphia in 1790 until it finally moved to its new, permanent home in Washington, D.C. a decade later in 1800.
So it is impossible to say which city was the first capital of the United States without determining which United States is being discussed:
- First Continental Congress – Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia
- Second Contintental Congress – Independence Hall, Philadelphia
- Articles of Confederation – Independence Hall, Philadelphia
- United States Constitution – Federal Hall, New York City
Similarly, the Supreme Court of the United States met in different places before settling in Washington, D.C. in 1800. It first met in New York City, at the Merchants’ Exchange Building, in 1790. The Court followed Congress in moving to Philadelphia in 1791, first setting up shop in Independence Hall and then occupying the Old City Hall.
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The Nine Capitals of the United States – Senate.gov
The Nine Capitals of the United States Robert Fortenbaugh (1948) (Out of print.) Representatives from the 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774. The following year the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia’s State-House. Baltimore; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; York, Pennsylvania; and College Hall in Philadelphia were also meeting sites for the Second Continental Congress. Under the Articles of Confederation, from 1781 to 1788, Congress convened in Philadelphia; Princeton, New Jersey; Annapolis, Maryland; Trenton, New Jersey; and New York. Since the U.S. Congress was established by the Constitution in 1789, it has convened in three locations: New York, Philadelphia, and its permanent home in Washington, D.C. Nine Capitals details why the Continental Congress, Congress under the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Congress moved from place to place until a permanent capital was established in Washington, D.C. Each chapter gives historical information on the events surrounding the move to the city, what business occurred there, and why the government moved on. Robert Fortenbaugh provides a rare analysis describing the little-known fact that there were nine capitals of the United States. In November 2000, the U.S. Congress commemorated two centuries of residence in Washington, D.C. Learn more about the numerous chambers the Senate and House of Representatives have occupied in Washington. Chronological Table of the Capitals First Continental Congress September 5, 1774 to October 24, 1774: Philadelphia, Carpenter’s Hall Second Continental Congress May 10, 1775 to December 12, 1776: Philadelphia, State House December 20, 1776 to February 27, 1777: Baltimore, Henry Fite’s House March 4, 1777 to September 18, 1777: Philadelphia, State House September 27, 1777 (one day): Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Court House September 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778: York, Pennsylvania, Court House July 2, 1778 to March 1, 1781: Philadelphia, College Hall, then State House Congress under the Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781 to June 21, 1783: Philadelphia, State House June 30, 1783 to November 4, 1783: Princeton, New Jersey, “Prospect,” then Nassau Hall November 26, 1783 to August 19, 1784: Annapolis, Maryland, State House November 1, 1784 to December 24, 1784: Trenton, New Jersey, French Arms Tavern January 11, 1785 to Autumn 1788: New York, City Hall, then Fraunces Tavern Congress under the Constitution March 4, 1789 to August 12, 1790: New York, Federal Hall December 6, 1790 to May 14, 1800: Philadelphia, Philadelphia County Building–Congress Hall November 17, 1800: Washington, U.S. Capitol Source: Robert Fortenbaugh, The Nine Capitals of the United States, page 9.
List of capitals in the United States – Wikipedia
List of capitals in the United States States (highlighted in purple) whose capital city is also its most populous. States (highlighted in blue) that have changed their capital city at least once. This is a list of capital cities of the United States, including places that serve or have served as federal, state, insular area, territorial, colonial and Native American capitals. Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas. Most states have not changed their capital city since becoming a state, but the capital cities of their respective preceding colonies, territories, kingdoms, and republics typically changed multiple times. There have also been other governments within the current borders of the United States with their own capitals, such as the Republic of Texas, Native American nations and other unrecognized governments. National capitals[edit] The cities below served either as official capitals of the United States under the United States Constitution, or, prior to its ratification, sites where the Second Continental Congress or Congress of the Confederation met. (The United States did not have a permanent capital under the Articles of Confederation.) The current Constitution was ratified in 1787 and gave the Congress the power to exercise “exclusive legislation” over a district that “may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States.”[1] The 1st Congress met at Federal Hall in New York.[2] In 1790, it passed the Residence Act, which established the national capital at a site along the Potomac River that would become Washington, D.C.[3] For the next ten years, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital.[4] There, Congress met at Congress Hall.[5] On November 17, 1800, the 6th United States Congress formally convened in Washington, D.C.[4] Congress has met outside of Washington only twice since: on July 16, 1987, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of ratification of the Constitution;[6] and at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York on September 6, 2002, to mark the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks.[7] Both meetings were ceremonial. On July 2, 1923, President Warren G. Harding declared Meacham, Oregon, as the nation’s capital for the day.[8][9] City Building Start date End date Duration Ref Second Continental Congress Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Independence Hall July 4, 1776 (convened May 10, 1775, prior to independence) December 12, 1776 5 months and 8 days [10] Baltimore, Maryland Henry Fite House December 20, 1776 February 27, 1777 2 months and 7 days [11] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Independence Hall March 5, 1777 September 18, 1777 6 months and 13 days [12] Lancaster, Pennsylvania Court House September 27, 1777 September 27, 1777 1 day [12] York, Pennsylvania Court House (now Colonial Court House) September 30, 1777 June 27, 1778 8 months and 28 days [12] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania College Hall of the University of Pennsylvania (Extensive damage to Independence Hall during the British Occupation of Philadelphia, necesitated this temporary meeting place) July 2, 1778 July 13, 1778 11 days [13] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Independence Hall July 14, 1778 March 1, 1781 2 years, 7 months and 15 days [14] Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Independence Hall March 2, 1781 June 21, 1783 2 years, 3 months and 19 days [15] Princeton, New Jersey[a] Nassau Hall June 30, 1783 November 4, 1783 4 months and 5 days…
8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States – HISTORY
8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States1. Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaCredit: trekandshoot/iStockphoto.comAfter the Continental Congress met inside Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall in 1774, it reassembled the following spring inside the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall), where it adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Philadelphia had various stints as the home of the Continental Congress and its successor under the Articles of Confederation, which was enacted in 1781. As stipulated by the Residence Act, Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States of America between 1790 and 1800 while Washington, D.C., was being built. 2. Baltimore, MarylandCredit: visionsbyAtlee/iStockphoto.comAs British troops closed in on Philadelphia at the end of 1776, the Continental Congress decided to abandon the city and flee south to the safer haven of Baltimore. Bypassing the city’s old courthouse, delegates instead convened on December 20, 1776, inside the spacious house and tavern of Henry Fite. The three-story brick building, redubbed “Congress Hall,” was among the largest in Baltimore and outside the possible artillery range of the British navy. Warmed by the two fireplaces inside the house’s long chamber, delegates learned of Washington’s crossing of the Delaware River and his surprise victories at Trenton and Princeton. With the British threat to Philadelphia blunted, the Continental Congress reconvened inside Independence Hall on March 4, 1777. Fire destroyed the Henry Fite House in 1904.3. Lancaster, PennsylvaniaCredit: ben_krut/iStockphoto.comThe present-day heart of Amish country was once the heart of the American government—if only for a day. In the late summer of 1777, the Redcoats again advanced on Philadelphia, and after Washington’s disastrous defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the Continental Congress evacuated the city. Delegates fled 65 miles to the west and on September 27, 1777, met inside Lancaster’s county courthouse. Faced with the difficulty of finding suitable lodging and continued concerns about their safety, the delegates’ official business consisted mainly of deciding how quickly they could leave Lancaster. After the legislative equivalent of a cup of coffee, the Continental Congress adjourned its one-day session inside the courthouse, which was destroyed by a fire in the 1780s, and continued to move west. 4. York, PennsylvaniaFinding a more secure position 25 miles west of Lancaster behind the Susquehanna River, the Continental Congress convened inside the York County Court House on September 30, 1777. During the government’s nine-month stay in the central Pennsylvania hamlet, it approved the Articles of Confederation, which took effect after its 1781 ratification by the states, and signed an alliance treaty with France. After receiving word in June 1778 that the British had evacuated Philadelphia, the Continental Congress returned to the city and found Independence Hall left “in a most filthy and sordid situation” according to New Hampshire delegate Josiah Bartlett.5. Princeton, New JerseyNearly two years after the 1781 victory at Yorktown, the American government was once again forced to flee its regular home in Philadelphia—only this time it wasn’t the British threatening the delegates’ safety, but frustrated Continental Army soldiers demanding the back pay they had been promised. “In order that further and more effectual measures may be taken for suppressing the present revolt, and maintaining the dignity and authority of the United States,” delegates decided in the summer of 1783 to move 40 miles northeast to the campus of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). The Congress of Confederation met inside Nassau Hall, the nation’s largest academic building, which ironically had been bombarded by patriot troops during the 1777 Battle of Princeton. During its four-month stay inside the enormous stone building, which still stands on the Princeton campus, the United States government received its first foreign minister, a diplomat from the Netherlands, as well as word of the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the American Revolution. Scroll to Continue6. Annapolis, MarylandContinuing to avoid Philadelphia, the…
How Philly lost the nation's capital to Washington
How Philly lost the nation’s capital to Washington Philadelphia was the early capital of the United States after the Constitution was ratified, but on May 14, 1800, the nation’s capital moved to Washington. Here’s a look behind the deal that changed the face of American government. The City of Brotherly Love became the ex-capital for several reasons, including a deal between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and a compromise over slavery. And some rowdy actions in 1783 by Continental soldiers in Philadelphia, and the reaction from the state militia, didn’t help arguments to keep the capital in Pennsylvania. Until then, Philadelphia had been the hub of the new nation. Important decisions were made there, and it was equally accessible from the North and the South. The Confederation Congress was meeting in Philadelphia in June 1783 at what we now call Independence Hall. However, there were serious problems afoot: The government had problems paying the soldiers who fought in the war against the British for their service. The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 was a crisis that literally forced the Congress to focus on its personal safety and pitted the federal government (in its weakened form) against the state of Pennsylvania. Unpaid federal troops from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, marched to Philadelphia to meet with their brothers-in-arms. A group of about 400 soldiers then proceeded to Congress, blocked the doors to the building, and demanded their money. They also controlled some weapons-storage areas. James Madison noted that the soldiers were pointing muskets at the State House and appeared to be imbibing “spirituous drink.” Congress sent out one of its youngest delegates to negotiate with the troops: Alexander Hamilton, a former soldier himself. Hamilton convinced the soldiers to back down so Congress could meet quickly and reach a deal about repaying the troops. Hamilton did meet with a small committee that night, and they sent a note to Pennsylvania’s state government asking for its state militia for protection from the federal troops. Representatives from Congress then met with John Dickinson, the head of Pennsylvania’s government; Dickinson discussed the matter with the militia, and the state told Congress it wouldn’t use the state’s troops to protect it. That same day, Congress packed up and moved temporarily to Princeton, New Jersey. It traveled to various cities over the following years, including Trenton, New Jersey; Annapolis, Maryland; and New York City. Delegates agreed to return to Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the current U.S. Constitution, while the Congress of the Confederation was still seated in New York City. Part of the new Constitution addressed the concerns caused by the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783. Article I, Section 8 gave Congress the power to create a federal district to “become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful buildings.” When Congress met in 1789, two locations were proposed for the capital: one near Lancaster and another in Germantown, an area just outside Philadelphia. However, Hamilton became part of a grand bargain to move the capital to an undeveloped area that encompassed parts of Virginia and Maryland, receiving some help from Thomas Jefferson along the way. The Residence Act of 1790 put the capital in current-day Washington as part of plan to appease pro-slavery states who feared a northern capital as being too sympathetic to abolitionists. In turn, Hamilton received a commitment to reorganize the federal government’s finances by getting the southern states to indirectly pay off the war debts of the northern states. A…
Philly the first – where was the USA's first capital?
Philly the first – where was the USA’s first capital? – Almost History What was the capital of the United States? It certainly wasn’t Washington, D.C. – the nation’s current capital city wasn’t approved by the US Congress until 16 July 1790 and wasn’t founded until 1791. So which American city can claim to be the first capital? It is a surprisingly difficult question to answer – different places served as temporary capitals at different stages in the USA’s constitutional evolution from 13 colonies to independent nation state. The First Continental Congress met in the Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774. This fact gives Philly a strong claim for pre-eminence in the first capital question. It certainly sells this role in history with the historical quarter around Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell and the Constitution Centre. Philadelphia’s position was bolstered by hosting the Second Continental Congress in 1775.The capital of America under the Articles of Confederation was a travelling political carnival, taking in Philadelphia, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton and New York. After the Constitution was brought in force in 1789, the United States Congress first convened briefly in New York’s Federal Hall before settling in Philadelphia in 1790 until it finally moved to its new, permanent home in Washington, D.C. a decade later in 1800. So it is impossible to say which city was the first capital of the United States without determining which United States is being discussed: First Continental Congress – Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia Second Contintental Congress – Independence Hall, Philadelphia Articles of Confederation – Independence Hall, Philadelphia United States Constitution – Federal Hall, New York City Similarly, the Supreme Court of the United States met in different places before settling in Washington, D.C. in 1800. It first met in New York City, at the Merchants’ Exchange Building, in 1790. The Court followed Congress in moving to Philadelphia in 1791, first setting up shop in Independence Hall and then occupying the Old City Hall.
History – City of York, Pennsylvania
History – City of York, Pennsylvania City of York – The First Capital of the United States The City of York, Pennsylvania – named for York, England – was part of the building of our nation, a little-known part of history that many tend to forget, or just don’t know. As Yorkers know, their City was the birthplace of the Articles of Confederation and it was here that the words “The United States of America” were first spoken. That big bombshell out of the way, (and yes, we have proof,) we can begin with York history sometime before 1741, when two surveyors laid out a town on the banks of the Codorus Creek That town would become York. Baltzer Spengler and Ulrich Whisler are given credit for forming the first town west of the Susquehanna River. Both were surveyors with the William Penn family, the family that gave our state its name. In September of 1777 the Continental Congress, under threat of the advancing British, moved the location of the colonies’ central government from Philadelphia to Lancaster. Since the State of Pennsylvania’s Government was also located in Lancaster, officials decided that a move across the Susquehanna would separate the two sufficiently and the Continental Congress set up shop in the Town of York. It was in York that the Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, proclaimed the first National Day of Thanksgiving, and signed the French Treaty of Alliance. All of these events occurred in the nine months York remained Capital of the United States – until June 27, 1778. That is where The City of York made history for the United States, … But since then, York has been part of the growth of this nation as well as the growth of its inhabitants. Firsts of the 1700s First city – When York city was first laid out in 1741 by Thomas Cookson, and the first lots were offered for sale, 23 were promptly purchased in what became the first town west of the Susquehanna River. First church – “In September of 1733, the Lutherans took steps for the organization of a congregation, the first one of this denomination west of the Susquehanna,” wrote historian George Powell in Gibson’s 1886 History of York County. “In 1744 the first log church was built in York, on the spot where the Christ Church stands.” First stone homes – The Schultz brothers built the first stone homes in York County in 1734. John and Christina built a 2 1/2-story home, believed the first stone home west of the river. It is just east of York, near Stony Brook. Martin Shultz built his stone dwelling in Hellam. “A well authenticated tradition asserts that on the 30th of September 1777 some of the members of the Continental Congress” stopped at the John Schultz House for “rest and refreshment.” “The saddles used by those distinguished patriots greatly excited the surrounding populace, who were then unaccustomed to such expensive luxuries,” Prowell wrote. First roads – In 1739, an old Indian trail from Wrightsville to Maryland and Virginia was called the Monocacy Road….
New York City Becomes America's First Capital
New York City Becomes America’s First Capital New York City Becomes America’s First Capital U.S. #2346 pictures the former national capital at Federal Hall. The building was later demolished in 1812. On September 13, 1788, New York City was established as America’s first capital under the Constitution of the United States. New York had already hosted the nation’s legislature and served as the de facto capital since 1785. In late 1784, the Continental Congress, operating under the Articles of Confederation, voted to make New York City its meeting place until a federal district on the banks of the Delaware River near Philadelphia could be completed. They chose Old City Hall, which was then renamed Federal Hall, to serve as capital building. Federal Hall was then redesigned by Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who later became famous for designing the layout of Washington, D.C. Congress met for the first time in Federal Hall on January 11, 1785. U.S. #1027 – Issued in 1953 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of New York City, which was first known as New Amsterdam. Three years later, the U.S. Constitution was ratified, outlining the roles of the national government. The new Congress had several decisions to make – including where the seat of government should be. It was an issue of great debate. Some wanted to remain in New York City, while others wanted to meet in Philadelphia, Annapolis, Baltimore, or Lancaster. Finally, on September 13, they passed an ordinance declaring the capital would remain at the “the present Seat of Congress,” specifically leaving out reference to New York City because of the bitterness felt by some. U.S. #C38 honors the 50th anniversary of the five boroughs being combined into one New York City government. The following year, Federal Hall was the site of Washington’s inauguration, the first meetings of Congress and the Supreme Court, and the drafting of the Bill of Rights. In 1790, talks continued on where the permanent capital would be. It was a controversial debate. Some wanted to make lower Manhattan into a federal district. Others didn’t want the capital to be in such a commercially-oriented location. In part, there were fears that the city might have aristocratic leanings, as members of high society still enjoyed British fashions and luxuries as well as court-style entertaining. After much debate, it was finally decided that New York wouldn’t make a suitable capital, largely due to financial concerns. Congress met for the last time in Federal Hall on August 12, 1790, before relocating to Philadelphia, and later Washington, D.C. Click the images to add this history to your collection. Did you like this article? Click here to rate: Previous ArticleNext Article
Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia)
Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia) Essay As the national capital from 1790 to 1800, Philadelphia was the seat of the federal government for a short but crucial time in the new nation’s history. How and why Congress selected Philadelphia as the temporary Unites States capital reflects the essential debates of the era, particularly the balance of power between North and South. These debates, as well as the creation of new national institutions and the rise of political parties, defined Philadelphia’s decade as the capital city and created an enduring connection to the early national period. Philadelphia’s selection in 1790 as the temporary national capital followed the drafting of the new federal Constitution, which authorized Congress to enact legislation for the establishment of a permanent seat of government. After departing Philadelphia in 1783, Congress convened in cities as varied Princeton, New Jersey; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; and Baltimore, Maryland, before settling in New York in 1785. As a candidate for the permanent capital, Philadelphia’s size, wealth, and central location weighed in its favor, yet congressmen from both New England and the Southern states considered For ten years, the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate met in Congress Hall, Sixth and Chestnut Streets. (Visit Philadelphia) Philadelphia too urban, as well as hot and prone to outbreaks of disease. By and large, sectional conflicts and whether or not the capital should be a commercial city animated the debate and guided Congress’ efforts to find a location “consistent with convenience to the navigation of the Atlantic Ocean, and having due regard to the particular situation of the Western Country.” Western Contenders Indeed, the perceived need to secure the ever-expanding western frontier against foreign foes and indigenous independence movements keenly influenced the location of the permanent federal capital. Whereas in 1783 all proposed sites hugged tidewater or lay slightly inland, by 1787 most contenders were farther west, including Lancaster; Carlisle, Pennsylvania; and Fredericksburg, Virginia, as well as a tract of land on the Potomac jointly offered by Maryland and Virginia. Western expansion similarly informed the contest between North and South to secure the capital, as each region adopted a different geographic calculus to advance its case. While Northern advocates focused on current population centers, placing the city east of Pennsylvania’s Susquehanna River, Southern promoters emphasized future growth and the implicit and unstated elevation of the agrarian, slave-based economy from minority to majority status. Notably, both sides assumed a natural alliance between Southern and Western political interests, a crucial consideration given the capital’s potential to enhance the power and leverage of the region in which it was located. By 1790, two dozen sites, located on or near the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, the Susquehanna, the Chesapeake, and the Potomac, had been proposed publicly as candidates for the capital city. The Philadelphia region figured prominently in several proposals, which alternately incorporated portions of Southwark, Northern Liberties, Byberry, and Germantown. Several prominent Philadelphians, including Tench Coxe (1755-1824), Robert Morris (1734-1806), and Dr. Benjamin Rush (1746-1813), lobbied on the city’s behalf, with Morris going so far as to offer his mansion on High Street as the presidential residence. For their part, Philadelphia’s citizens flooded Congress with petitions and the City Council pledged money for both remodeled federal housing and public buildings, including a new city hall and a courthouse built on the same square as the existing Pennsylvania State House. Ultimately, the issue of assumption, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton’s (1757-1804) plan for the federal government to assume the states’ war debts, determined the capital’s permanent location. Facing resistance from states like Virginia that had already resolved their debts, Hamilton wedded the questions of assumption and the federal capital together in hopes of striking a political bargain that advanced his cause. While Robert Morris negotiated with Hamilton to establish the capital in Germantown or at the Falls of the Delaware, a deal never came to fruition. Instead, wary of Virginia’s opposition to the assumption plan, Hamilton struck a deal with Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) that provided enough Northern votes for a federal capital on the Potomac. In exchange…
Capital of the United States Era
Capital of the United States Era – Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia Essay Philadelphia, where the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, served as the nation’s capital for one decade in the 1790s. It was a decade of nation-building in many ways, from the drama of politics to the creation of a national culture. The U.S. Congress, meeting in the County Court House (Congress Hall), passed the Naturalization Acts, a Fugitive Slave Act, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. With so many of the young nation’s prominent citizens present, Philadelphia became a magnet for artists who arrived to paint portraits of politicians and other notables. The city also became a capital of African American community-building with the rise of leaders such as Absalom Jones, Richard Allen, and James Forten. The first U.S. Census found the city of Philadelphia and its adjacent suburbs of Southwark and the Northern Liberties to be the most populous urban center in the new nation. Philadelphia’s fortunes — and misfortunes — extended beyond its boundaries. The city’s commercial ties extended to interior Pennsylvania with the construction of the Lancaster Turnpike in 1793-95. And when yellow fever hit in 1793, Philadelphians with the means to do so fled to the countryside of Grays Ferry, Germantown, and South Jersey. Themes Athens of America Locations Center City Philadelphia Delaware County, Pennsylvania Montgomery County, Pennsylvania North Philadelphia Gloucester County, New Jersey Essays France and the French Courthouses (County) Polish Settlement and Poland Turnpikes Poetry and Poets Fever 1793 (Novel) Wilmington, Delaware Philadelphia Contributionship Historic Preservation Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 Center City Wieland; or, the Transformation: An American Tale Paper and Papermaking Irish (The) and Ireland Market Street Poverty Prisons and Jails Doylestown, Pennsylvania Mount Holly Township, New Jersey Dogs Dispensaries Brickmaking and Brickmakers Nativism Pacific World (Connections and Impact) Fashion Dancing Assembly Dutch (The) and The Netherlands Opera and Opera Houses Library Company of Philadelphia Botany Free Black Communities Boarding and Lodging Houses Bartram’s Garden Classical Music Nursing Mummies West Chester, Pennsylvania Literary Societies Social Dancing Freemasonry Roman Catholic Parishes Smoking and Smoking Regulations Furnituremaking Militia Lotteries Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans Historical Societies Pennsylvania Prison Society Iron Production Norristown, Pennsylvania Fairmount Park Houses Mansions New Year’s Traditions Civil Defense Cordwainers Trial of 1806 Shoemakers and Shoemaking Hinterlands Hail, Columbia Tobacco China Trade Artisans Police Department (Philadelphia) Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Public Health Privateering Peale Family of Painters Presidents of the United States (Presence in Region) Veterans and Veterans’ Organizations Coffeehouses Scientific Societies American Philosophical Society Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) Home Remedies Barbershops and Barbers Staircase Group (The) Red City (The) Fugitives From Slavery Almshouses (Poorhouses) Entomology (Study of Insects) Bank of the United States (First) Grand Federal Procession Smith’s and Windmill Islands Grand Juries College of Physicians of Philadelphia Herpetology (Study of Amphibians and Reptiles) Cartoons and Cartoonists Dentistry and Dentists Saint Patrick’s Day Board of Health (Philadelphia) Public Parks (Philadelphia) Arsenals Vagrancy Plays of Susanna Rowson Restaurants Painters and Painting Peale’s Philadelphia Museum Alien and Sedition Acts Educational Reform Anatomy and Anatomy Education Treaty Negotiations with Native Americans Law and Lawyers Philadelphia Lawyer Democratic-Republican Societies Street Vendors Philadelphia (Warship) U.S. Presidency (1790-1800) Bank of North America Book Publishing and Publishers Pirates U.S. Mint (Philadelphia) Quasi-War Fries Rebellion Maps and Mapmaking Birch’s Views of Philadelphia Private (Independent) Schools Whiskey Rebellion Trials Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia) Forts and Fortifications Society Hill Crime U.S. Congress (1790-1800) Cemeteries North Philadelphia Trees Insurance Haitian Revolution Immigration (1790-1860) Printing and Publishing Political Parties (Origins, 1790s) Slavery and the Slave Trade Abolitionism Spanish-American Revolutions French Revolution Banking Philadelphia and Its People in Maps:The 1790s Yellow Fever Lazaretto…