The Order of Secession
Following the election of Abraham Lincoln on an anti-slavery platform, the major slave-holding states declared their secession from the United States one after another. They formed the Confederate States of America (commonly called the Confederacy) under their own president Jefferson Davis. Below is a list of the 11 seceding states during the American Civil War, along with the date of secession and when they were readmitted.
| State | Seceded from Union |
Readmitted to Union1 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | South Carolina | Dec. 20, 1860 | July 9, 1868 |
| 2. | Mississippi | Jan. 9, 1861 | Feb. 23, 1870 |
| 3. | Florida | Jan. 10, 1861 | June 25, 1868 |
| 4. | Alabama | Jan. 11, 1861 | July 13, 1868 |
| 5. | Georgia | Jan. 19, 1861 | July 15, 18702 |
| 6. | Louisiana | Jan. 26, 1861 | July 9, 1868 |
| 7. | Texas | March 2, 1861 | March 30, 1870 |
| 8. | Virginia | April 17, 1861 | Jan. 26, 1870 |
| 9. | Arkansas | May 6, 1861 | June 22, 1868 |
| 10. | North Carolina | May 20, 1861 | July 4, 1868 |
| 11. | Tennessee | June 8, 1861 | July 24, 1866 |
NOTE: Four other slave states?Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri?remained in the Union. The latter two were actually represented on the Confederate flag, which, like the Stars and Stripes, featured a star for every state.
1. Date of readmission to representation in U.S. House of Representatives.
2. Second readmission date. First date was July 21, 1868, but the representatives were unseated March 5, 1869.
Why did they secede?
Although more than a century of states’ rights debates have muddied the waters, the reasons for secession are actually quite clear. All eleven states declared slavery as one of the primary motivators for their secession; they believed that their livelihoods were tied up with the institution of slavery, and that they could no longer be part of a country that might force them to abandon slavery. The declarations of secession all contain similar messages. Of all of the many rights they felt the federal government might strip away from them, slavery was the biggest.
But, the situation is a bit more complicated in terms of why they finally seceded when they did.
Let’s take the example of Georgia. The secessionists there wrote:
“The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery. They have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the Federal Government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic…
…While the subordination and the political and social inequality of the African race was fully conceded by all, it was plainly apparent that slavery would soon disappear from what are now the non-slave-holding States of the original thirteen…
…For forty years this question has been considered and debated in the halls of Congress, before the people, by the press, and before the tribunals of justice. The majority of the people of the North in 1860 decided it in their own favor. We refuse to submit to that judgment, and in vindication of our refusal we offer the Constitution of our country and point to the total absence of any express power to exclude us.”
Georgia’s declaration elaborates a description of the history of slavery and economy in the century before their secede. But, in terms of timing, their issues are specific. What exactly are they referring to with their “serious causes of complaint?”
Pressure from above and below
In essence, it all comes down to the abolitionist movement. In the South, there were numerous uprisings against slavery by black people. This was a cause of great concern to slaveholders, especially in states where the slave population was a near-majority (or was a majority). It was a source of fear and anxiety, and one that they kept in check through restrictive laws and the threat of military force. These laws were opposed by many groups, especially by free black people living beyond the immediate influence of slaveholders.
Northern abolitionists actively opposed these laws meant to keep the enslaved population oppressed. They refused to return escaped slaves or report on them. They helped more people escape slavery. They opposed attempts to expand slavery or support it at a federal level. They generated a great deal of anger and paranoia among slaveholders that exploded when abolitionist John Brown actively armed and incited an uprising in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
People across the South feared that Northerners would incite violence and terror to get rid of slavery in their states. They refused to even put the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln on their ballots. But, despite their effort to keep him out of the White House, Lincoln prevailed on the back of overwhelming Northern support. The Southern states claimed that their will had been entirely subverted, and that the system favored northern extremists who influenced the government. Their answer to their claim was to create their own government.
The confederate government established a government in Richmond, just 100 miles from the Capitol in D.C., with their own Confederate constitution. There were initial hopes that the CSA could be peacefully reintegrated back into the USA. But, the cultivated fear of northern agitation led the Confederate army to be wary of U.S. activities. When the USA sent troops to secure the federal territory of Fort Sumter, the confederates demanded that the army retreat. After a lengthy standoff, the Confederates attacked the fort. This act of aggression ended hopes of a peaceful resolution and led to the Civil War.
Territorial Expansion The Declaration of Sentiments
Sources +
The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861 by David M. Potter, Revised Edition (Harper Collins, 2011)
The Library of Congress
FAQs
What states were in the Confederacy in 1861?
The Confederacy included the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. Jefferson Davis was their President. Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri were called Border States. In 1865, the Union won the war
What are the 11 Confederate States of America?
Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
How many states did America have 1861?
34 U.S. states
What did the southern states do in 1861?
The U.S borders were split between the United States of America, Confederate States of America, Border States, and Territories. On February 4, 1861, the seven states that had seceded by this point convened and created the Confederate States of America under the leadership of Jefferson Davis
What did the Confederates fight for?
The American Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and 1861. The conflict began primarily as a result of the long-standing disagreement over the institution of slavery.
What did the Confederates stand for?
It is also called the Southern Confederacy and refers to 11 states that renounced their existing agreement with others of the United States in 1860?1861 and attempted to establish a new nation in which the authority of the central government would be strictly limited and the institution of slavery would be protected.
What were the Confederates fighting for?
Common sentiments for supporting the Confederate cause during the Civil War were slavery and states’ rights. These motivations played a part in the lives of Confederate soldiers and the South’s decision to withdraw from the Union. Many were motivated to fight in order to preserve the institution of slavery.
What really started the Civil War?
A common explanation is that the Civil War was fought over the moral issue of slavery. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. A key issue was states’ rights.
Did the Civil War end slavery?
It abolished slavery in the United States, and now, with the end of the war, four million African Americans were free. Thousands of former slaves travelled throughout the south, visiting or searching for loved ones from whom they had become separated.
What actually started the Civil War?
At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina’s Charleston Harbor. Less than 34 hours later, Union forces surrendered. Traditionally, this event has been used to mark the beginning of the Civil War.
Which president started the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln became the United States’ 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863.
What was the last state to free slaves?
Mississippi Becomes Final State to Abolish Slavery.
How many slaves are in the US today?
The Global Slavery Index 2018 estimates that on any given day in 2016 there were 403,000 people living in conditions of modern slavery in the United States, a prevalence of 1.3 victims of modern slavery for every thousand in the country.
Confederate States of America – Wikipedia
Confederate States of America This article is about the historical state. For other uses, see CSA (disambiguation). “Confederate States” redirects here. For the system of government, see Confederation. For a list of confederate nation states, see List of confederations. Confederate States of America1861–1865 Flag(1861–1863) Seal(1863–1865) Motto: Deo vindice(“Under God, our Vindicator”)Anthems: “God Save the South” (de facto)”Dixie” (popular, unofficial)March: “The Bonnie Blue Flag” The Confederate States in 1862 Claims made and under partial control for a time by the Confederacy Separated West Virginia Contested Native American territory StatusUnrecognized state[1]CapitalMontgomery, Alabama (until May 29, 1861)Richmond, Virginia (until April 2–3, 1865)[2]Danville, Virginia (until April 10, 1865)[3]Largest cityNew Orleans (until May 1, 1862)Common languagesEnglish (de facto)minor languages : French (Louisiana), Indigenous languages (Indian territory)Demonym(s)ConfederateGovernmentConfederated presidential herrenvolk[4] non-partisan republic[5]President • 1861–1865 Jefferson DavisVice President • 1861–1865 Alexander H. StephensLegislatureCongress• Upper houseSenate• Lower houseHouse of RepresentativesHistorical eraAmerican Civil War / International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)• Provisional constitution February 8, 1861• American Civil War April 12, 1861• Permanent constitution February 22, 1862• Surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865• Military Collapse April 26, 1865• Debellation and Dissolution May 5, 1865Population• 18601 9,103,332• Slaves2 3,521,110CurrencyConfederate States dollarState currencies Preceded by Succeeded by South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Arizona Territory West Virginia Tennessee Arkansas Florida Alabama Louisiana North Carolina South Carolina Virginia Mississippi Texas Georgia Arizona Territory Today part ofUnited States1 Population values do not include Missouri, Kentucky, or the Arizona Territory.2 Slaves included in above population (1860 Census). The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States or simply the Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway[1] republic in North America that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865.[6] The Confederacy comprised U.S. states that declared secession and warred against the United States (the Union) during the American Civil War.[6][7] Eleven U.S. states, nicknamed Dixie, declared secession and formed the main part of the CSA. They were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Kentucky and Missouri also had declarations of secession and full representation in the Confederate Congress during their Union army occupation. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by seven slave states: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.[8] All seven of the states were located in the Deep South region of the United States, whose economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture—particularly cotton—and a plantation system that relied upon enslaved Africans for labor.[9][10] Convinced that white supremacy and slavery were threatened by the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency, on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, the Confederacy declared its secession from the United States, with the loyal states becoming known as the Union during the ensuing American Civil War.[7][8][5] In the Cornerstone Speech, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens described its ideology as centrally based “upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition.”[11] Before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, a provisional Confederate government was established on February 8, 1861. It was considered illegal by the United States federal government, and Northerners thought of the Confederates as traitors. After war began in April, four slave states of the Upper South—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—also joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy later accepted the slave states of Missouri and Kentucky as members, accepting rump state assembly declarations of secession as authorization for full delegations of representatives and senators in the Confederate Congress; they were never substantially controlled by Confederate forces, despite the efforts of Confederate shadow governments, which were eventually expelled. The Union rejected the claims of secession as illegitimate. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy as an independent country, although Great Britain and France granted it belligerent status, which allowed Confederate agents to contract with private concerns for weapons and other supplies.[1][12][13] By 1865, the Confederacy’s civilian government dissolved into chaos: the…
Confederate States of America | History, President, Map …
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Confederate States of America – HISTORY
Confederate States of AmericaThe Confederate States of America was a collection of 11 states that seceded from the United States in 1860 following the election of President Abraham Lincoln. Led by Jefferson Davis and existing from 1861 to 1865, the Confederacy struggled for legitimacy and was never recognized as a sovereign nation. After suffering a crushing defeat in the Civil War, the Confederate States of America ceased to exist.NORTH VERSUS SOUTH The southern and northern United States began to pull apart in the 19th century, culturally and economically, with slavery at the center of the rift. As early as 1850, South Carolina and Mississippi called for secession.By 1860, Southern politics was dominated by the idea of states’ rights in the context of slavery to support the South’s agricultural economy, and slave-heavy, cotton-producing agricultural states embraced secession as the solution.ABRAHAM LINCOLN The election of Abraham Lincoln was labeled an act of war by some Southern politicians, who predicted armies would come to seize slaves and force white women to marry black men. Secession meetings and assemblies started to appear across the South.As secession began to seem more likely, so did war. Altercations with Union troops at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, and Fort Pickens, Florida, escalated.Southern politicians began to procure weaponry, and some secessionists even proposed kidnapping Lincoln.SECESSION By February 1861, seven Southern states had seceded. On February 4 of that year, representatives from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana met in Montgomery, Alabama, with representatives from Texas arriving later, to form the Confederate States of America.Former secretary of war, military man and then-Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected Confederate president. Ex-Georgia governor, congressman and former anti-secessionist Alexander H. Stephens became vice-president of the Confederate States of America.CONFEDERATE CONSTITUTION The Confederacy used the U.S. Constitution as a model for its own, with some wording differences and a few changes regarding the executive and judicial branches.The Confederate president would serve for six years with no reelection possibility, but was considered more powerful than his Union counterpart.While the Confederate Constitution upheld the institution of slavery, it prohibited the African slave trade.CONFEDERATE ENLISTMENT Davis predicted a long war and requested legislation allowing three-year enlistments. The military affairs office, however, anticipated a short conflict and granted the authority to call up troops for only one year of service.On March 9, 1861, Davis called up 7,700 volunteers from five states, joining volunteers in South Carolina. By mid-April, 62,000 troops were raised and stationed in former Union bases.CIVIL WAR BEGINS On April 12, 1861, following diplomatic bickering over Lincoln’s pledge to get supplies to Union troops at Fort Sumter, Confederate forces fired shots at the fort and Union troops surrendered, sparking the Civil War.In rapid succession, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.In May, Davis made Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. The city was soon filled with some 1,000 government members, 7,000 civil servants, and scores of rowdy Confederate soldiers itching for battle.The First Battle of Bull Run took place on July 16, 1861, and ended with a Confederate victory.CONFEDERATE ARIZONA The Arizona Territory voted to join the Confederacy in March 1861, but it wasn’t until 1862 that the territorial government got around to officially proclaiming it part of the Confederate States of America.Several battles took place within the territory, and in 1863, Confederate forces were vanquished from the Arizona Territory, which was claimed as Union and then split into two territories, the second being the New Mexico Territory.MARTIAL LAW AND MANDATORY SERVICE Most of the work of the Confederate government involved trying to wage the Civil War without the appropriate means, a domino effect that sometimes rendered it helpless.In February 1862, Davis was granted the authority to suspend habeas corpus, which he did immediately until July 1864, and to declare martial law, which Davis did many times during the war.Scroll to ContinueProblems with adequately arming the troops, as well as getting supplies to them, hampered war efforts. The brief one-year enlistment also caused problems because as the war dragged on, rates of volunteering and re-enlistment fell.Davis was soon forced to make military service mandatory for all able-bodied males between 18 and 35 years old. Later exemptions were made for owners…
The Confederate States of America – Infoplease
The Confederate States of America The Order of SecessionFollowing the election of Abraham Lincoln on an anti-slavery platform, the major slave-holding states declared their secession from the United States one after another. They formed the Confederate States of America (commonly called the Confederacy) under their own president Jefferson Davis. Below is a list of the 11 seceding states during the American Civil War, along with the date of secession and when they were readmitted. StateSecededfrom UnionReadmittedto Union11.South CarolinaDec. 20, 1860July 9, 18682.MississippiJan. 9, 1861Feb. 23, 18703.FloridaJan. 10, 1861June 25, 18684.AlabamaJan. 11, 1861July 13, 18685.GeorgiaJan. 19, 1861July 15, 187026.LouisianaJan. 26, 1861July 9, 18687.TexasMarch 2, 1861March 30, 18708.VirginiaApril 17, 1861Jan. 26, 18709.ArkansasMay 6, 1861June 22, 186810.North CarolinaMay 20, 1861July 4, 186811.TennesseeJune 8, 1861July 24, 1866NOTE: Four other slave states?Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri?remained in the Union. The latter two were actually represented on the Confederate flag, which, like the Stars and Stripes, featured a star for every state.1. Date of readmission to representation in U.S. House of Representatives.2. Second readmission date. First date was July 21, 1868, but the representatives were unseated March 5, 1869.Why did they secede?Although more than a century of states’ rights debates have muddied the waters, the reasons for secession are actually quite clear. All eleven states declared slavery as one of the primary motivators for their secession; they believed that their livelihoods were tied up with the institution of slavery, and that they could no longer be part of a country that might force them to abandon slavery. The declarations of secession all contain similar messages. Of all of the many rights they felt the federal government might strip away from them, slavery was the biggest. But, the situation is a bit more complicated in terms of why they finally seceded when they did.Let’s take the example of Georgia. The secessionists there wrote:”The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery. They have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the Federal Government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic……While the subordination and the political and social inequality of the African race was fully conceded by all, it was plainly apparent that slavery would soon disappear from what are now the non-slave-holding States of the original thirteen……For forty years this question has been considered and debated in the halls of Congress, before the people, by the press, and before the tribunals of justice. The majority of the people of the North in 1860 decided it in their own favor. We refuse to submit to that judgment, and in vindication of our refusal we offer the Constitution of our country and point to the total absence of any express power to exclude us.”Georgia’s declaration elaborates a description of the history of slavery and economy in the century before their secede. But, in terms of timing, their issues are specific. What exactly are they referring to with their “serious causes of complaint?”Pressure from above and belowIn essence, it all comes down to the abolitionist movement. In the South, there were numerous uprisings against slavery by black people. This was a cause of great concern to slaveholders, especially in states where the slave population was a near-majority (or was a majority). It was a source of fear and anxiety, and one that they kept in check through restrictive laws and the threat of military force. These laws were opposed by many groups, especially by free black people living beyond the immediate influence of slaveholders.Northern abolitionists actively opposed these laws meant to keep the enslaved population oppressed. They refused to return escaped slaves or report…
1861 Confederate Half Dollar. Original. Breen-8000. Proof …
1861 Confederate Half Dollar. Original. Breen-8000. 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Confederate States of America established, Feb. 4, 1861
Confederate States of America established, Feb. 4, 1861 President Abraham Lincoln. On this day in 1861, delegates from six states — South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana — met in Montgomery, Alabama, to establish a new unified government, which they named the Confederate States of America. On Feb. 9, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected the CSA’s president. In his inaugural address, Davis did not refer to slavery, emphasizing states’ rights as the reason for quitting the Union. By the time Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president on March 4, 1861, Texas had also joined the Confederacy. Federal troops held only Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Fort Pickens off the Florida coast and a handful of minor Southern outposts. Discussions on whether and how to bring about a unified separation from the federal government in Washington had been ongoing for several years. By 1860, most slave-owning states were openly threatening to secede if the Republicans won the presidency. On Dec. 20, 1860, in the wake of Lincoln’s electoral victory, the South Carolina Legislature passed the Ordinance of Secession, declaring that “the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved.” Hostilities began on April 12, when Confederate shore batteries under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina’s Charleston Bay. After Lincoln called for troops to recapture Fort Sumter, four more states joined the Confederacy between April and June: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee. A rump group in Virginia declared its support for the Union cause, eventually forming the state of West Virginia. Conversely, splinter groups in Missouri and Kentucky proclaimed that they had seceded. Nevertheless, both slave-owning states remained in the Union. Later versions of the Confederate flag had 13 stars, reflecting Confederate claims to those two states, even though the secessionists never controlled any territory within their borders. The slave-owning states of Maryland and Delaware were initially viewed as contested territory, although Union forces had won full control of them by 1862. In 1861, martial law was declared in Maryland to block attempts at secession. Delaware, also a slave-owning state, never considered secession. During the four years of its existence, the CSA named dozens of diplomats. Secretary of State William Seward told Charles Francis Adams, the U.S. minister to Great Britain, “You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding states, their agents or their people. But you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those states are now, as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their temporary self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this federal Union and that their citizens, throughout all political misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen.” SOURCE: “THE RISE OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY,” BY SEAN WILENTZ (2005)
Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861
Avalon Project – Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861 Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861 Preamble We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America. Article I Section I. All legislative powers herein delegated shall be vested in a Congress of the Confederate States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. (I) The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States, and have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature; but no person of foreign birth, not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal. (2) No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of the Confederate States, and who shall not when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. (3) Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States, which may be included within this Confederacy, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all slaves. ,The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the Confederate States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of South Carolina shall be entitled to choose six; the State of Georgia ten; the State of Alabama nine; the State of Florida two; the State of Mississippi seven; the State of Louisiana six; and the State of Texas six. (4) When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. (5) The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof. Sec. 3. (I) The Senate of the Confederate States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen for six years by the Legislature thereof, at the regular session next immediately preceding the commencement of the term of service; and each Senator shall have one vote. (2) Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third may…